PT-141 Prescribed

THE RECORD ~ SOURCES

PT-141 references and citations.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered source below — the RECONNECT trials, the FDA prescribing information, the mechanistic work, and the critical re-analysis.

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Primary literature and regulatory record

The sources below are the full citation list for this digest, numbered to match the inline markers across the site. Peer-reviewed studies carry DOIs and PubMed identifiers; the prescribing information is the FDA structured product label via DailyMed; the safety monograph is the NIH LiverTox entry. Where a source is a corporate development-status announcement rather than peer-reviewed evidence, it is labelled as such and used only for pipeline statements. The full citation text appears on the references and citations list here.

  1. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
  2. Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
  3. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
  4. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
  5. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
  6. Dhillon S, Keam SJ. Bremelanotide: First Approval. Drugs. 2019;79:1599-1606. ↗
  7. Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Perelman MA, Harning R. An Effect on the Subjective Sexual Response in Premenopausal Women with Sexual Arousal Disorder by Bremelanotide (PT-141), a Melanocortin Receptor Agonist. J Sex Med. 2006;3(4):628-638. ↗
  8. Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg S, DeRogatis LR, Kroll R, Goldstein I, et al. Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial. Womens Health (Lond). 2016;12(3):325-337. ↗
  9. Spielmans GI. Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women. J Sex Res. 2021;58(9):1085-1105. ↗
  10. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bremelanotide. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf; 2021. ↗
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. ↗
  12. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. ↗
  13. Palatin Technologies, Inc. Announcement of the initiation of a Phase 2 clinical study of bremelanotide co-administered with a PDE-5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction (corporate press release). 2024. ↗
  14. Tan R, et al. Telemedicine Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 8 Countries From the International Society for Sexual Medicine. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e60369. ↗
  15. Rowen T, et al. Evaluation and management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: recommendations from a multidisciplinary panel. Sex Med Rev. 2026;qeaf057. ↗