# PT-141 (Bremelanotide) References and Citations | Sources

> PT-141 references: the peer-reviewed studies, the FDA label, and the LiverTox monograph behind every figure on this site — with DOIs, PMIDs, NCT numbers, and direct links.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered source below — the RECONNECT trials, the FDA prescribing information, the mechanistic work, and the critical re-analysis.

## Primary literature and regulatory record

The sources below are the full citation list for this digest, numbered to match the inline markers across the site. Peer-reviewed studies carry DOIs and PubMed identifiers; the prescribing information is the FDA structured product label via DailyMed; the safety monograph is the NIH LiverTox entry. Where a source is a corporate development-status announcement rather than peer-reviewed evidence, it is labelled as such and used only for pipeline statements. The full citation text appears on the [references and citations](/references) list here.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Dhillon S, Keam SJ. Bremelanotide: First Approval. Drugs. 2019;79:1599-1606. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31312037/
[7] Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Perelman MA, Harning R. An Effect on the Subjective Sexual Response in Premenopausal Women with Sexual Arousal Disorder by Bremelanotide (PT-141), a Melanocortin Receptor Agonist. J Sex Med. 2006;3(4):628-638. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16839319/
[8] Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg S, DeRogatis LR, Kroll R, Goldstein I, et al. Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial. Womens Health (Lond). 2016;12(3):325-337. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe-2016-0018
[9] Spielmans GI. Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women. J Sex Res. 2021;58(9):1085-1105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678061/
[10] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bremelanotide. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf; 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573221/
[11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[12] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[13] Palatin Technologies, Inc. Announcement of the initiation of a Phase 2 clinical study of bremelanotide co-administered with a PDE-5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction (corporate press release). 2024. https://palatin.com/press_releases/palatin-announces-the-initiation-of-a-phase-2-clinical-study-of-bremelanotide-co-administered-with-a-pde5i-for-the-treatment-of-erectile-dysfunction-ed/
[14] Tan R, et al. Telemedicine Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 8 Countries From the International Society for Sexual Medicine. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e60369. https://doi.org/10.2196/60369
[15] Rowen T, et al. Evaluation and management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: recommendations from a multidisciplinary panel. Sex Med Rev. 2026;qeaf057. https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf057

---

A broadsheet reading of the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — the one approved indication set in banner type, the modest measured effect printed beside the re-analysis that contests it, the nausea-led tolerability cost run in full, and the unverified field reports kept on their own torn dispatch; no clinic behind the masthead and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.